Many thanks to Joseph Nebus for publishing this very helpful post for all of frustrated by WordPress’s latest “improvements.”
So I have to skip my planned post for right now, in favor of good news for WordPress bloggers. I apologize for the insular nature of this, but, it’s news worth sharing. This is how to dump the Block Editor and get the classic, or ‘good’, editor back. WordPress’s ‘Classic Editor Guide’ explains that you […]
My university’s Vice President for Digital Strategy and Innovation asked me to write an essay on my experience with HyFlex teaching: simultaneously teaching students who are physically present in class while other students are at home (including those in quarantine). My essay was recently published on Medium, and I thought I’d place it here as well.
In Spring 2021, I was one of the relatively few instructors at my institution, the University of North Texas, who taught face-to-face classes. Several adjustments to face-to-face teaching were mandated by the university to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Some of these requirements — for example, daily temperature checks with an oral thermometer, biweekly nasal COVID tests, mandatory masks for both instructors and students, spreading out 50 students in a lecture hall designed for over 300, and a prohibition against traditional small-group work — were prudent given the circumstances but will nevertheless be happily forgotten someday.
My university also required me to record my lectures so that any students in quarantine wouldn’t fall behind. Accordingly, I used Zoom and a document camera instead of my normal in-person method of using the chalkboard or whiteboard. Unwittingly, I found myself teaching in a hybrid flexible (HyFlex) style, a term I had heard of but had not experienced firsthand.
To my great surprise, this part of the COVID method of teaching an in-person class was warmly embraced by my students. Indeed, I’m deliberating how much of this COVID method to retain in my teaching practices long after the pandemic has passed. In this essay, I share some mechanics on these adjustments to my usual teaching style that I made as well as some thoughts on the efficacy of these methods.
While my own experience is limited to teaching mathematics courses, I hope that at least some of these thoughts might help instructors in other disciplines.
Zoom. My use of Zoom for in-person classes wasn’t that different from how I taught from home in 2020. Before the semester, I created a dedicated Zoom ID for each course and posted it on Canvas. In this way, students in quarantine could attend class from home or else watch a recording on their own time. (More on this later.)
In class, I displayed the image from the document camera onto the in-class screen. I “pinned” the image from the document camera at full screen, so that only the projection from the document camera appeared on the main screen at its maximum possible size. (Before doing this, I had to wait until a student joined from home.) I also used Zoom to record my lectures in the cloud.
On the document camera, I adjusted the magnification so that one page-width was projected. I used the auto-focus feature to ensure that my handwriting was clear and then turned off the auto-focus before class started.
Even though I consider myself tech-savvy, I went to the classroom early to check for possible technological problems. Last semester, I found that I’d have to reset something about half the time — usually flipping the screen video, choosing the appropriate audio channel, or increasing the volume so that I could hear any students asking questions from home.
Colored pens. I splurged and spent about $40 on a nice set of a dozen pens of assorted colors. I wanted to make teaching with a document camera kind of like teaching with a white board, where I’d have about four different colored dry-erase markers at my disposal. By rotating pens and not overusing any one color, all of my pens lasted the entire semester even though I taught two classes with them.
I didn’t use a strict color-coding system, but I tried to be somewhat strategic about switching pen colors. I changed pens every time I started a new example. When appropriate, I switched pens in the middle of an example to do a side calculation or to break up a long calculation into smaller pieces.
It seems insubstantial, but my students absolutely loved the colored pens. In my course evaluations, they emphasized that the use of different colors helped them organize their thought processes.
To give a concrete example, below are some representative notes that I made during one of my lectures on differential equations. (I promise there won’t be a quiz at the end of this essay!) Most of the black handwriting came from my prepared notes; everything else was written during class.
Student interaction. As a precaution against unfortunate oversights, I told my students on the first day of class to interrupt me — mid-sentence, if necessary — if I ever forgot to start the Zoom recording or else take attendance. Predictably, I made this mistake a couple of times during the semester, and I’m glad that my students pointed this out to me when this happened.
I’ve always been a walker when teaching my face-to-face classes, and I made a point of walking around the classroom as much as possible despite teaching with Zoom. I don’t like the feeling of being tethered to the classroom computer like I was when I taught from home in 2020. However, I necessarily had to stay close enough to whatever microphone I was using so that the Zoom recording could clearly capture my voice. For one class, this was a non-issue since I was in a large lecture hall and used a lapel mic to amplify my voice. For my other class, however, I was in a smaller classroom and did not need to use a microphone for my in-person students to hear me clearly. For this smaller class, I walked around less so that I stayed close enough to the classroom microphone and my voice could be recorded properly.
Because I was mostly looking at my paper under the document camera (when writing) or my students (when not writing), I often did not immediately see when a student from home posted a question using the Zoom chat feature. When this happened, my in-person students, to be helpful, would instinctively start pointing to the screen to alert me that somebody from home had a question. I must admit that I was a little unsettled the first couple of times that my students started pointing at the screen behind me — I thought something on the computer had crashed! In time, I eventually got used to my in-person students pointing at the screen at unexpected moments.
Dual screens. In Spring 2021, I taught in one classroom that had a single instructor monitor and other classroom that had dual monitors. For sure, the dual-monitor set-up was better for teaching my class with Zoom. As mentioned earlier, I chose the settings on Zoom so that the image from the document camera occupied an entire monitor which was then projected onto the classroom screen. I put all other windows on the second monitor — the Zoom participants, the Zoom chat window, the classroom clock, the Canvas attendance sheet, and/or any other webpage or application that I planned to show my students during that particular lecture (of course, I had to use screen-share so that students from home also could see these). I did not project the contents of this second monitor onto the classroom screens; I only projected one screen and kept the second screen for my own private use (unless I was screen-sharing something that day).
All of the above can be done in classrooms with a single instructor monitor, but it’s more difficult. To screen-share something with my class, I had to deactivate the full-screen option, pull up the screen that I wanted to share, screen-share, show the application, stop screen-share, and then restart the full-screen option.
Canvas as a repository. After class, I would return to the office, use the office copier to scan that day’s lecture notes in color and email the PDF file to myself, return to my office, adjust the order of the pages in the PDF document if necessary, and save the PDF file to my computer. (The above hand-written lecture notes were produced in this way.) By then, usually enough time had passed to receive the Zoom e-mail me with the link of that day’s Zoom recording, and then I would post both the Zoom recording and the PDF file to Canvas for my students. This process usually took about 10 minutes per class period.
Student perceptions. At the end of the semester, I surveyed my students about whether I should return to my usual teaching style (writing on a large chalkboard but unrecorded) or keep my Spring 2021 style (document camera and recorded) after COVID-19 becomes a distant memory. I fully expected my students to recommend using the chalkboard since much more information is visible at any one time on a chalkboard than on a document camera. There were plenty of times last semester that I had to creatively fold my papers in order to get information from two different sheets of paper onto the same screen, and that was a bit of a hassle.
However, to my surprise, my students said my use of the document camera was no big deal, and they absolutely loved having both the full recording of the lecture and also the PDF file of the hand-written notes that I made in lecture. I am definitely considering their advice for my future classes.
An unexpected problem: absenteeism. With 20/20 hindsight, I should have seen this coming before the start of the semester, but I’m afraid I didn’t. In both of my classes — and especially my early morning class — an appreciable percentage of my students rarely came to class when I wasn’t conducting an exam. A lot of these students didn’t even participate in the live Zoom sessions and presumably only watched the recorded lectures on their own time.
Because I took daily attendance of in-person students for contact tracing, I could correlate in-person attendance with final grades. The results were predictable. I did have a handful of high-flying students who attended class in-person less than half the time who nevertheless earned As for the semester. However, and unfortunately, the vast majority of students who chose this approach flunked my course.
As a teacher who cares for the success of my students (and who selfishly doesn’t want to be known for flunking lots of students), I have a dilemma. There certainly are legitimate reasons for a conscientious student to miss class on any given day — illness, family emergencies, car problems, unexpected heavy traffic, etc. When life throws such obstacles in my students’ way, being able to watch that day’s class asynchronously is a wonderful back-up plan. My students also told me that they appreciated being able to re-watch the lectures that they had attended in-person to remind themselves of how to do homework problems or to study for my exams. So there are legitimate ways that class recordings can be beneficial to students.
It’s also an unfortunate fact of life that recordings that could be legitimately used can also be abused to the detriment of my students. I don’t yet have a good answer for how to best prevent abuse of course recordings. I have dismissed a couple of options that I won’t be enacting, like giving the Zoom links only to students who I deem conscientious (which would be inequitable) or else only to students who ask for them (which would create many extra e-mails for me to answer).
For the moment, my resolution of my dilemma is that poor decisions by some students should not deter me from doing something that could greatly benefit others. My students are adults, and, like every other piece of technology that they have, it’s up to them to not abuse the class recordings that I’m providing to them.
Postscript: Student responses. Below are representative comments that I received from my Spring 2021 students about whether I should continue to use Zoom and a document camera to record my classes in the future:
I personally prefer COVID way of teaching because I was able to learn clearly using the document camera. In my past math courses if I did not have a great seat to see the board, or if the instructor’s handwriting was not the best, reading a chalkboard or whiteboard was super annoying and frustrating, especially during hard topics. Therefore, the document camera and using various of colored pens to distinguish the notes helped me follow along. I think that you should continue to use the document camera method because it can make it easier to read than in chalkboard or whiteboard, unless if the physical classroom restricts the ability to use that method.
Recording lecture videos and posting them could help students who may have to miss class due to appointments or other legitimate reasons. However, I see that students may abuse this. Making attendance mandatory is the only way I see that recorded lecture videos can be maintained. I still think that having recorded lecture videos will definitely help students who have to miss class for legitimate reasons, thus it will be easier for them to catch up on the learning material.
There were several times I was stuck on the homework but having your lectures recorded was a life saver because I could go over a certain example as many times as I needed. You would not be able to do this with the chalkboard method, unless you somehow recorded your lecture with a camera. However, if you were to do that I feel you might as well just do the zoom method. Also, I believe the zoom method actually saves you time in your lectures allowing for more examples or discussion. With the chalkboard you must erase all your work at a certain point and with the zoom method you can just pull up another piece of paper and continue seamlessly. Also the zoom method allows us to see the whole work involved with a problem from start to finish without you having to erase a certain part so you can write the next part.
The most helpful change was definitely making your scanned notes available to students. They allow me to review the material much more quickly and efficiently than if I was trying to find the information in a book or online, which allows me to spend more of my time actually learning the information and less time chasing it down. The recorded lectures are definitely a bonus, particularly if I had to miss class for some reason, but I wouldn’t say that they necessarily added to the learning experience. To be fair however, I am definitely more of a text-based learner than some of my peers and I rarely have patience for long videos, which definitely affects my opinion. All in all, I would say that having hard records of the materials covered in class definitely eases my mind, as I spend less time worrying that I missed some important detail in the lecture.
I have difficulty focusing sometimes so having access to recordings of the lectures and completed notes helps me make sure to get as much out of your lessons as possible. The recordings were also convenient for studying purposes when I needed a refresher on how to solve certain problems. I’m also a big fan of how you used multiple colored pens for your notes which made steps easier to track as well as remember. I also liked how you would take breaks away from the projector to move around in front of the class for explanations or anecdotes, the change of pace helped lectures not seem so monotonous. While I don’t think you’d want to teach your classes exactly the same next semester, I do think you should carry over some of the methods you used this semester that were helpful to students and had positive impacts on their grades.
In the interest of full disclosure, there were a few dissenting comments encouraging me to instead return to using the chalkboard or whiteboard after COVID, but even these students encouraged me to figure out a way to record myself when writing on the board.
Professional conferences often feature poster sessions, and, more often than not, the poster is simply incomprehensible to somebody walking through the aisles.
So I enjoyed this article about an innovative way to bring scientific posters in the 21st century. The money quote:
“The current method is not effective in communicating research findings. For instance, in my field, we all want improvements in our life: vaccines for all diseases, easier delivery of vaccines, innovative way to finance vaccines, effective ways tackling vaccine hesitancy,” Suharlim says. “Experts are all coming to these conferences, and they have limited time to update their knowledge.”
We interrupt our regular programming for this quick message to the University of North Texas College of Science Class of 2020, whose graduation we had planned to celebrate this weekend.
I’m taking a break from my usual posts on mathematics and mathematics education to note a symbolic milestone: meangreenmath.com has had more than 250,000 total page views since its inception in June 2013. Many thanks to the followers of this blog, and I hope that you’ll continue to find this blog to be a useful resource to you.
Another bonehead word problem. Notice the word “her”. While Usain Bolt holds the current 100-meter world record of 9.58 seconds, the women’s world record is currently 10.49 seconds.
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