# Lessons from teaching gifted elementary students (Part 8g)

Every so often, I’ll informally teach a class of gifted elementary-school students. I greatly enjoy interacting with them, and I especially enjoy the questions they pose. Often these children pose questions that no one else will think about, and answering these questions requires a surprisingly depth of mathematical knowledge.

Here’s a question I once received, in the students’ original handwriting. They wanted me to add adjacent numbers on the bottom row to produce the number on the next row, building upward until I reached the apex of the triangle. Then, after I reached the top number, they wanted me to take the square root of that number. (Originally, they wanted me to first multiply by 80 before taking the square root, but evidently they decided to take it easy on me.)

And, just to see if I could do it, they wanted me to do all of this without using a calculator. But they were nice and allowed me to use pencil and paper.

So far, I’ve used Pascal’s triangle to obtain

$y = \displaystyle \sum_{k=0}^{11} (k+1)^2 {11 \choose k}$

$= \displaystyle \sum_{k=2}^{11} k(k-1) {11 \choose k} + \sum_{k=1}^{11} 3k {11 \choose k} + \sum_{k=0}^{11} {11 \choose k}$.

$= \displaystyle \sum_{k=2}^{11} k(k-1) \left( \frac{11!}{k!(11-k)!} \right) + \sum_{k=1}^{11} 3k \left( \frac{11!}{k!(11-k)!} \right) + \sum_{k=0}^{11} \left( \frac{11!}{k!(11-k)!} \right)$.

$= \displaystyle \sum_{k=2}^{11} \frac{11!}{(k-2)!(11-k)!} + 3 \sum_{k=1}^{11} \frac{11!}{(k-1)!(11-k)!} + \sum_{k=0}^{11} \frac{11!}{k!(11-k)!}$.

$= \displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^{9} \frac{11!}{i!(9-i)!} + 3 \sum_{j=0}^{10} \frac{11!}{j!(10-j)!} + \sum_{k=0}^{11} \frac{11!}{k!(11-k)!}$.

$= \displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^{9} 11 \times 10 \frac{9!}{i!(9-i)!} + 3 \sum_{j=0}^{10} 11 \frac{10!}{j!(10-j)!} + \sum_{k=0}^{11} \frac{11!}{k!(11-k)!}$

$= \displaystyle 110 \sum_{i=0}^{9} {9 \choose i} + 33 \sum_{j=0}^{10} {10 \choose j} + \sum_{k=0}^{11} {11 \choose k}$

$= 110 \times 2^9 + 33 \times 2^{10} + 2^{11}$

$= 92,160$.

I’m almost done… except my students wanted me to find the square root of this number without using a calculator.

There are a couple ways to do this; the method I chose was directly extracting the square root by hand… a skill that was taught to children in previous generations but has fallen out of pedagogical disfavor with the advent of handheld calculators. I lost my original work, but it would have looked something like this (see the above website for details on why this works):

And so I gave my students their answer: $x \approx 303.578\dots$