Engaging students: Negative and zero exponents

In my capstone class for future secondary math teachers, I ask my students to come up with ideas for engaging their students with different topics in the secondary mathematics curriculum. In other words, the point of the assignment was not to devise a full-blown lesson plan on this topic. Instead, I asked my students to think about three different ways of getting their students interested in the topic in the first place.

I plan to share some of the best of these ideas on this blog (after asking my students’ permission, of course).

This student submission again comes from my former student Jennifer Elliott. Her topic, from Algebra: negative and zero exponents.

Technology Engage
- I found the website, https://www.mangahigh.com/en-us/math_games/number/exponents/negative_exponents. It is an interactive game that gives a brief explanation of what negative and zero exponents are. Then you can select the difficulty level and the number or questions you wish the children to try. If this a new topic introduced, then the student may miss several. That is ok. As a teacher, you are setting a ground level for the direction of your teach. At the end of the lesson, you can utilize the same game to check the students’ new level of understanding for the topic.

Activity Engage
- The students will engage in prior knowledge that might be needed to understand the idea behind negative and zero exponents. First I will make different notecards, some with definitions such as negative number, fractions, number line, and reciprocals and others. Then I will have some index cards with different exponents including positive, negative, and zero. The cards will have different values such as one might say 10^-1 and one might say 1/10. Every student will have a note card. I will have different sections set up in the room. Example would be definitions, 1, <1, and >1 and have students find which section they belong in. I could also have them find their card partner (different way of writing the same number) and the word matching the definition. Then maybe from there, that group find their counter-partner (I would maybe not use definitions for this part) such that the group with 10^-2 would find the group with 10^2. This would set up groups for them to explore the idea of negative and zero exponents.
  - This activity came from myself but I had some ideas from different pictures on Pinterest, but nothing in particular to source.)

Curriculum Engage
- To show how this might be used later in class, I will work on the idea of decay. The idea of decay can be introduced in science and history off the top of my head. Although the students might be years away from the idea of physics and decay value, this will be a fun way to engage students and hopefully recall the information when a lesson on decay comes in the future. The idea is found on several different websites and has to do with the idea of exponential decay using M&M’s. The idea is to create (or use one of the several choices) of a table to record the data from the trials. The group(s) count the total number of M&M’s. The total is the starting number for trial 0. Trial number would be the first column. The second column would be the number of M&M’s. For trial one, you would dump the bag/cup of candy and the student would remove all the M&M’s that do not have the M showing. Shake the candy up again, and dumb out. Continue with trials until you do not have any M&M’s left. Then the third column will be what percentage of the bag they have left (example maybe ½ of the M&M’s remain.) This activity will lead to the discovery of decay and how it uses zero and negative exponents. The starting point of trial 0 has us with “1” bag/cup of candy and then it will decrease from there. Just like x^0=1 which is great than x^-2=1/2 and so on. At the end, of the complete lesson the idea of using negative exponents in sports, sound, radioactive waste, and scientific notation will be a start of what that students will learn in other subjects in the future.
  - Most of the ideas from this lesson came from the website, http://passyworldofmathematics.com/exponents-in-the-real-world/.

Math and practice

Sometimes math students view repetition to practice a new skill with the disdain of Allen Iverson, the legendary point guard for the Philadelphia 76ers.

So I found a recently published essay from Math With Bad Drawings to be very, very inspiring. Here are the opening paragraphs:

I’ve always felt conflicted about repetitive practice.

On the one hand, I see how vital practice is. Musicians repeat the same piece again and again. Soccer players run drills. Chefs hone their chopping motion. Shouldn’t math students do the same: rehearse the skills that matter?

But sometimes, I backtrack. “This is just going to bore them,” I fret, scanning a textbook exercise. “I’m emphasizing the rote aspects of math at the expense of the creative ones. They’re going to forget this skill anyway, and be left only with the insidious impression that math is a jackhammer subject of tooth-grinding repetition.”

(Then I assign the exercise anyway, because class starts in five minutes and— despite my repeated petitions—the administration has denied me access to a time turner.)

These two trains of thought suffer daily collisions in my mind: repetition is dull, but repetition is necessary. This inner conflict takes for granted the idea that repetitive practice is a separate endeavor, a distinct stage of the learning process. First, you learn the concept. Second, you practice it. In this view, practice is like cleaning up after a picnic: absolutely essential, but not much fun.

But this summer, a very wise teacher showed me a path forward, a way to reconciliation.

I’m referring, of course, to a two-year-old named Leo.

I highly recommend the entire article.

Larger or smaller?

Suppose I write down two different numbers on two slips of paper. You have no idea what the two numbers are. They could be really large or really small, positive or negative, rational or irrational. All you know is that the two numbers are different.Your job is to pick the larger number.

Is there a way for you to guess the larger number with a probability greater than 50%?

The surprising answer is yes.

Engaging students: Graphing parabolas

I plan to share some of the best of these ideas on this blog (after asking my students’ permission, of course).

This student submission again comes from my former student Irene Ogeto. Her topic, from Algebra: graphing parabolas.

B2. How does this topic extend what your students should have learned in previous courses?

In previous courses, students should have learned about linear functions of the form y = mx + b. Parabolas are functions of the form y = a(x-h) + k. Graphing parabolas extends their thinking because it allows to students to see the graph of a function that is different from the graph of a line. Students can explore the similarities and differences between linear functions and quadratic functions. Students can apply the same logic they used when graphing linear functions by making a table and use the points to plot the graph. Students can use the graph of parabolas to determine the equation of the quadratic function. Students can apply transformations of graphs such as reflecting, stretching or compressing to parabolic functions as well. Graphing parabolas allows students to explore concepts they previously learned such as parent functions, y-intercepts, x-intercepts, and symmetry.

C2. How has this topic appeared in high culture (art, classical music, theatre, etc.)?

Parabolic curves are all around us in buildings, churches, restaurants, homes, schools and other places. Parabolas are apparent in numerous places in architecture. One example where parabolic curves can be found in architecture is in suspension bridges such as the Brooklyn Bridge in New York, the Golden Gate Bridge in California, or the George Washington Bridge in New Jersey. Suspension bridges are mainly used to carry loads over a long distance and most suspension bridges are lengthy in distance. In suspension bridges, cables, ropes or chains are suspended throughout the road. The cables under tension form the parabolic curve. The towers and hangers are used to support the cables throughout the bridge. Seeing how parabolas appear in high culture will allow students to make a connection between math and the things that may see around them. Hopefully the students can see that math, specifically parabolas in this case are not only found in the classroom.

E1. How can technology (YouTube, Khan Academy [khanacademy.org], VI Hart, Geometers Sketchpad, graphing calculators, etc.) be used to effectively engage students with this topic?

This YouTube video, “Water Slide Stunt,” is a great way to introduce students to graphing parabolas. It allows students to see the curve that parabolic functions make. In addition, it gives students an example of a real-world situation where projectile motion and parabolic functions can be seen. This video can be used at the beginning of a lesson on graphing parabolas. This video is engaging because it gets the students thinking about projectile motion and it shows how math can be related to different things in our society. In addition, students can also look up this video on YouTube on their own time and share with others.

References:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wAjpMP5eyo

http://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/civil/bridge6.htm

Engaging students: Using the point-slope equation of a line

I plan to share some of the best of these ideas on this blog (after asking my students’ permission, of course).

This student submission again comes from my former student Tiffany Jones. Her topic, from Algebra: using the point-slope equation of a line.

B1. How can this topic be used in your students’ future courses in mathematics or science?

The topic of using the point-slope equation of a line comes up in some of the early topics of Calculus 1 such as, how to find the equation of the tangent line of a curve at a given point. The slope, , of the tangent line of a curve at a given point, , is equal to the instantaneous rate of change or slope of the curve at that given point. The slope is calculated by evaluating the following limit:

$\displaystyle m = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x_0+h)-f(x_0)}{h}$

If the difference quotient has a limit as h approaches zero, then that limit is called the derivative of the function at . Then, values of and are substituted into the point-slope equation of a line to determine the equation of the tangent line of a curve at a given point.

$y-y_0 = m(x-x_0)$

C1. How has this topic appeared in pop culture?

On December 31^st 1965, Chuck Jones’ released an animated short titled “The Dot and The Line: A Romance in Low Mathematics”. This ten minute, Oscar-winning film explores the complex relationship between lines, dots, and disorganization. The Line as desperately in love with the Dot. Yet, the Dot is currently involved with a chaotic Squiggle. The Dot ignores the Line, disregarding him as boring and predictable. He lacks complexity. Through a montage following this rejection, the line teaches himself to create angles, form curves, and produce close-ended shapes as well. With this new confidence, he then reveals his newfound self to the Dot. The Dot sees that there is no method to the Squiggles madness.

While the topic of using the point slope equation of a line is not an explicit topic of the short, I feel that this video as an engage activity can be great conversation starter about the relationship between a point and a line. From there the lesson can go on to talk about the point-slope equation. Furthermore, this video can open discussions about the slope-intercept and the point-point forms of a line.

E1. How can technology be used to effectively engage students with this topic?

Explore Learning offers a Gizmo and worksheet on the point-slope form of a line. The Gizmo is an interactive simulator that allows the student to physically move the point around the Cartesian plane or use the sliders to adjust the point values and the slope value. The Gizmo shows the resulting line. I think that the use of such a tool can reinforce the relationship of a particular slope and a particular point to give an equation of a line.

The Gizmo offers to the slope-intercept form of the equation. So this simulator can also be used for a lesson on the slope-intercept form. Also, the Gizmo can place a right triangle along the line with leg lengths to show how the rise and run values change with the overall slope value.

Additionally, I think that this simulator can be used to allow the students to explore the equation. For instance, the students can see why when the graph is shifted to the left 2 units, the resulting equation has (x+2).

References:

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0059122/?ref_=ttawd_awd_tt

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmSbdvzbOzY

https://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?ResourceID=16*4&method=cResource.dspDetail

https://s3.amazonaws.com/el-gizmos/materials/PointSlopeSE.pdf

Engaging students: Multiplying binomials

I plan to share some of the best of these ideas on this blog (after asking my students’ permission, of course).

This student submission again comes from my former student Perla Perez. Her topic, from Algebra: multiplying binomials.

B1. How can this topic be used in your students’ future courses in mathematics or science?

As students progress through different levels of math, they will continue to utilize tools, such as multiplication of binomials. When I give students the solutions to a quadratic function and ask them to find the equation, I expect for them to know how to multiply the binomials. For example: find the quadratic equation with the solution x=-2,2. The students are to set up as: (x+2)(x-2) and go forth. The students can also be given a quadratic equation, x²+6x+8 and are to find the solutions in representation (x+2)(x+4). In order to arrive at the answer, the students will have to factor the original equation. To check their work, they can just multiply the answer that they get. Multiplying the binomials is a more complex form of the distributive property. It’s a building block for more challenging math concepts. Multiplying binomials essentially does the opposite of factorization, which students will learn later on in their algebra class. Binomials are also used in sciences, such as physics, biology, and computer science, so it helps for students to have a strong foundation on this topic.

B2. How does this topic extend what your students should have learned in previous courses?

I’ve seen students panic when a new concept, equation, or definition is introduce. Before they begin thinking again that math is some sort of sorcery, showing them something familiar will help ease the students into a new topic that is an extension of what they previously learned. Students learn about distributive property in their pre-algebra course. In order for students to multiply binomials students need to understand distributive property. Distributive property is a building block that is needed for the multiplication of binomials. It works with singles terms being multiplied, where as binomial multiplication works with two. In a way it is like learning how to add single digits to double digits. In order to teach this, I would first reintroduce 4-5 problems they’ve seen in their previous class using distributive property with single terms such as 4(x+5). Once they begin to recognize and solve the problems, I will begin to introduce two terms rather than just one. When they compare their previous knowledge to this new idea they will see that it is not very different.

A1. What interesting (i.e., uncontrived) word problems using this topic can your students do now? (You may find resources such as http://www.spacemath.nasa.gov to be very helpful in this regard; feel free to suggest others.)

Students often find it difficult to understand why we use certain tools, such as the multiplication of binomials. Word problems are a good solution when introducing a new topic. There are many methods for multiplying binomials, such as the FOIL and the CLAW methods, and it is important that student learn them; however, students who struggle with the topic need new information to be presented in a different way. The website mathisfun.com has a great word problem for multiplying binomials.

I like this problem because it divides the topic into separate steps, making it easier for the student to understand what to do. With this particular word problem, the teacher can begin to see where the students are having difficulties. This allows the teacher to see what areas need to be revisited, such as order of operations, the multiplication of a negative or positive number etc. Word problems also help teachers evaluate the critical thinking skills of their students.

My References are:

https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/polynomials-multiplying.html

http://ritter.tea.state.tx.us/rules/tac/chapter111/ch111c.html

Engaging students: Fitting data to a quadratic function

I plan to share some of the best of these ideas on this blog (after asking my students’ permission, of course).

This student submission again comes from my former student Loc Nguyen. His topic, from Algebra: fitting data to a quadratic function.

A1. What interesting (i.e., uncontrived) word problems using this topic can your students do now?

To engage students on this topic, I will provide them the word problems in the real life so they can see the usefulness of quadratic regression in predictive purposes. The question to the problem is about the estimated numbers of AIDS cases that can be diagnosed in 2006. The data only show from 1999 to 2003. This will be students’ job to figure out the prediction. I will provide the instructions for this task and I will also walk them through the process of finding the best curve that fit the given data. The best fit to the curve will give us the estimation. Here is how the instruction looks like:

In the end, students will be able to acquire the parabola curve which fit the given data. By letting students work through the real life problems, they will be able to understand why mathematics is important and see how this concept is useful in their lives.

B2. How does this topic extend what your students should have learned in previous courses?

Before getting into this topic, the students should have eventually been familiar with the word “quadratic” such as quadratic function, quadratic equation. Students should have been taught when the curve concaves up or down. In the previous course, students would be given the quadratic functions and they would be asked to find the maxima, minima, or intercepts. Or they would be asked to solve the quadratic equation and find the roots. The universal properties of quadratic function never change. When students encountered the concept of quadratic regression, they would not be so overwhelmed with the topic. There is no new rule or properties. The process is just backward. The Instead of having the given function, in this case, students will have to find the function based on the given data so that the curve would fit the data. Their prior knowledge is really essential for this topic, and this would help them to understand the concept of quadratic regression easier.

C1. How has this topic appeared in pop culture (movies, TV, current music, video games, etc.)?

At the beginning of the class, I would like to show students the short video of football incident.

This incident was really interesting. The Titans punt went so high so that it hit the scoreboard in Cowboys stadium. Surprisingly, this was Cowboy’s new stadium. There were many questions about what was going on when the architecture built this stadium. It was supposed to be great. This incident revealed the errors in predicting the height of the scoreboard. The data they collected in past year may have been incorrect. I want to incorporate this incident into the concept of quadratic regression. I will pose several questions such as:

Was Titan football punter really that powerful? What was really wrong in this situation?

When the architectures built this stadium, did they ever think that the ball would reach the ceiling?

How come did the architectures fail to measure the height of the ceiling? Did they just assume the height of the stadium tall enough?

What was the path of the ball?

Students will eagerly respond to these questions, and I will slowly bring in the important of quadratic regression. I will then explain how quadratic regression helps us to predict the height based on collected data from past years.

References:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4N3LEi5a1Q

http://www.algebralab.org/Word/Word.aspx?file=Algebra_QuadraticRegression.xml

Engaging students: Adding, subtracting, and multiplying matrices

I plan to share some of the best of these ideas on this blog (after asking my students’ permission, of course).

This student submission again comes from my former student Joe Wood. His topic, from Algebra: adding, subtracting, and multiplying matrices.

A1. What interesting (i.e., uncontrived) word problems using this topic can your students do now?

One interesting real world problem for matrix operations can be found in Chapter 4.1.3 at http://spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov/algebra2.html. The problem deals with astronomical photography. It starts by explaining the process by which NASA gets its images and relates the process of taking the pictures from blurry to clear using matrices. The problem goes as follows:

For a way to engage students who are not interested in astronomy, and to allow students to learn more on their own time of the uses, a homework assignment could be for them to find places other than NASA that this process could be used.

D1. What interesting things can you say about the people who contributed to the discovery and/or the development of this topic? (You might want to consult Math Through The Ages.)

“Nine Chapters of the Mathematical Art”, an ancient book that dates between 300 BC and AD 200, gives the first documented use of matrices. Even though matrices were used as early as 300 BC, the term “matrix” was not used until 1850 by James Joseph Sylvester. The term matrix actually comes from a Latin word meaning “womb”.

Below is a list published on the Harvard website of important matrix concepts and the years they were introduced.

200 BC: Han dynasty, coefficients are written on a counting board [6]

1545 Cardan: Cramer rule for 2×2 matrices. [6]

1683 Seki and Leibnitz independently first appearance of Determinants [6]

1750 Cramer (1704-1752) rule for solving systems of linear equations using determinants [8]

1764 Bezout rule to determine determinants

1772 Laplace expansion of determinants

1801 Gauss first introduces determinants [6]

1812 Cauchy multiplication formula of determinant. Independent of Binet

1812 Binet (1796-1856) discovered the rule det(AB) = det(A) det(B) [1]

1826 Cauchy Uses term “tableau” for a matrix [6]

1844 Grassman, geometry in n dimensions [14], (50 years ahead of its epoch [14 p. 204-205]

1850 Sylvester first use of term “matrix” (matrice=pregnant animal in old french or matrix=womb in latin as it generates determinants)

1858 Cayley matrix algebra [7] but still in 3 dimensions [14]

1888 Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932) axioms of abstract vector space [12]

B1. How can this topic be used in your students’ future courses in mathematics or science?

Matrices and matrix operations are used in many math classes from Algebra and Calculus, to Linear Algebra and beyond. So any student interested in studying any discipline of Engineering or mathematics should become very familiar with matrices since they are used in a wide variety of ways (one way is seen above). Matrices are also useful in other courses as well. In Chemistry, matrices can be used for balancing chemical equations. In Physics, matrices can be used to decompose forces. Even in ecology or biology classes, matrices can be crucial. A great example would be studying animal populations under given conditions.
One hope in giving so many brief examples is that a student who cares nothing about the topic of matrices would here about a topic they are interested in (say animals) and that would spark questions into how or why matrices are useful. And of course, when dealing with matrices, addition subtraction, and multiplication of matrices follows closely behind.

References:

“Common Topics Covered in Standard Algebra II Textbooks.” Space Math @ NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2015.

Knill, Oliver. “When Was Matrix Multiplication Invented?” When Was Matrix Multiplication Invented? Harvard, 24 July 2014. Web. 18 Sept. 2015.

Smoller, Laura. “The History of Matrices.” The History of Matrices. University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Apr. 2001. Web. 18 Sept. 2015.

Engaging students: Parallel and perpendicular lines

I plan to share some of the best of these ideas on this blog (after asking my students’ permission, of course).

This student submission again comes from my former student Emma Sivado. Her topic, from Algebra: parallel and perpendicular lines.

D.1: What interesting things can you say about the people who contributed to the discovery and/or the development of this topic?

I would take my students back to the time of Euclid of Alexandria, around 300 B.C., and his great book The Elements. Little is known about Euclid except the book he left behind which is the foundation of geometry, algebra, and number theory, still to this day. Euclid wrote this book in an axiomatic way, this means that he assumes common notions, definitions, and postulates to be true and then bases all his propositions and axioms on these assumptions. Does this sound like the way that we do mathematics today? To understand how influential and enduring the Elements is I would present this incredible fact; other than the Bible, Euclid’s Elements is the most published, translated, and studied of all books in the world.

Now we would put on our Euclid caps and turn to Proposition 12 and Proposition 31. These propositions tell us how to draw parallel and perpendicular lines based only on the definitions, common notions, and axioms of Euclid. We would do the constructions step by step, straight out of Euclid’s Elements.

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Euclid-Greek-mathematician

http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/elements/bookI/bookI.html

A.2: How could you as a teacher create an activity or project that involves your topic?

To engage the students in the lesson on parallel and perpendicular lines, instead of sitting in class and listing real world examples of parallel and perpendicular lines, I would take the students out of the classroom and take a tour through the school like a bird watching group except our goal is to list all the parallel and perpendicular lines inside and around the school. We could go to the cafeteria, the gym, and walk around the outside of the building. When we got back to class we could create a long list of all the parallel and perpendicular lines that we see to hang on the wall during this unit. After we list the examples, I could ask some thought provoking questions:

“Why are these parallel and perpendicular lines important?”
“How would the world be different without parallel and perpendicular lines?”

E.1: How can technology (YouTube, Khan Academy [khanacademy.org], Vi Hart, Geometers Sketchpad, graphing calculators, etc.) be used to effectively engage students with this topic?

A great activity I found on parallel and perpendicular lines involves using a graphing calculator to discover the similarities in slope between parallel and perpendicular lines. First, you give the students a list of equations to graph on their calculator. Next, you ask them to compare the graphs and identify which lines are parallel and which are perpendicular. Last, you ask them to compare the slopes of the parallel and perpendicular lines. Hopefully, they will discover that parallel lines have the same slope and perpendicular lines have the opposite reciprocal slope. This activity can be done easily because the students should already be familiar with graphing calculators, slope, and y-intercept. The activity would not take much time and can easily be differentiated based on the skill level of the students in your class. You can give some students difficult numbers or more lines to analyze if they finish the initial activity quickly. Also, you could take this one step further and give the students large sheets of graph paper and let them draw the lines and present their findings in front of the class.

Engaging students: Completing the square

I plan to share some of the best of these ideas on this blog (after asking my students’ permission, of course).

This student submission again comes from my former student Diana A’Lyssa Rodriguez. Her topic, from Algebra: completing the square.

A2. How could you as a teacher create an activity or project that involves your topic?

Using Algebra tiles is a great visual way for students to understand completing the square. The students start with the tiles that correspond to the given problem. The unit tiles are then flipped and moved to the other side of the equal sign. The remaining tiles are positioned into a square shape. The corner piece that appears to be missing will be filled unit tiles. What you do to one side, must be done to the other. Therefore the amount of unit tiles added to the square will also be added to the other side of the equation. Find the zero pairs and take them away. Then, find the corresponding tiles that will outline the square, so when multiplied together equals the equation.

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

Step 4:

Step 5:

Step 6:

Step 7:

Step 8:

D1. What interesting things can you say about the people who contributed to the discovery and/or the development of this topic?

Around 815 – 850 AD, a mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was hard at work discovering algebra. He was actually the first person to write a text about algebra. His focus for a lot of the text was the dimensions of a square. At the time it was not called completing the square, but Muhammad was the one who came up with it because it is exactly what he did in order to solve the different equations he had at the time. Very similar to the process described using algebra tiles, Muhammad also saw the equations in terms of actual shapes. One of the original problems he tried to solve was x²+10x=39. He looked at x² as a square with length x and width x. He then created a rectangle with length 10 and width x. The area would equal 10x. To make his theory work he broke up the 10x rectangle into two squares with length x and width 5. Muhammad combined the x² square and the two 5x pieces into an L shape. This partial square must equal some square with the value of 39. So he came to the conclusion that he had to fill in what was left of the L shape to make it a square. But in order to do that he had to add that same value to the other side. In this case he added 25 (which is 5×5). Muhammad’s final answer was (x+5)²=64, x=3. This was his method but at the time he couldn’t prove that it always worked. So if and when students participate in the algebra tiles activity, they are partaking in a small piece of history.

E1. How can technology be used to effectively engage students with this topic?

This video from Khan Academy is a great tool for completing the square. This video explains why we have to take half of the b value and square it (when looking at ax²+bx+c) to obtain the c value. When the students understand why we do something in math, they are more likely to be interested in the topic. The different colors that are used to write out the process allows the students to organize and understand completing the squares better. This particular video is also just long enough to capture the attention of the students but not so long as to lose it. Also, after hearing the same person explain math all the time, students may not understand it as well as they possibly could. So what is said in this video can easily be explained by the teacher but students sometimes need to hear a different voice explain a concept so they can gain a new perspective on the topic.

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/quadratics/completing_the_square/v/ex1-completing-the-square

Resources